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University of California, Berkeley, CA., pp. The heritage of the future: Historical keyboards, technology, and modernism,” Ph.D. Regardless, many church communities were willing to accept this trade-off given the lower cost of the new instrument ( Ng, 2015 26. While offering a wide palette of sounds, its timbre was less rich in harmonics than pipe organs and the attack of the note on the Hammond was much faster and sharper, somehow limiting its realism as an emulation. The Hammond organ was originally designed and sold as a cheaper substitute for church organs. The control available at the fingertips of the musician is therefore such that it cannot be easily reduced to a single scalar velocity parameter, as is common practice in modern digital emulations of the instrument. It is concluded that the Hammond organ is a touch-responsive instrument and that the gesture used to produce a note affects the generated sound across multiple dimensions.

A second study focuses on the listener's perception of the generated sound and finds that listeners can classify sounds produced on the Hammond organ according to the type of touch and velocity used.

A study of the dynamic mechanical behaviour of the contact bounces is presented, showing that the velocity, the type of touch and, more in general, the temporal evolution of the key position, all affect different characteristics of the contact bounces. One of its main sonic features is the “key-click,” a transient that occurs upon note onset, caused by the mechanical bouncing of the nine electric contacts actuated during each key press. The Hammond organ is one of earliest electronic instruments and is still used widely in contemporary popular music.